Showing 221-240 of 305 for: Cochrane Systematic Reviews > Endocrine and nutrition 
- Prophylactic gastrojejunostomy for unresectable periampullary carcinoma
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 28-Feb-2013
The role of prophylactic gastrojejunostomy in patients with unresectable periampullary cancer is controversial.
- Prophylactic postnatal thyroid hormones for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 23-Sep-2008
Observational studies have shown an association between transiently low thyroid hormone levels in preterm infants in the first weeks of life (transient hypothyroxinaemia) and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome. Thyroid hormone replacement might prevent t
- Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 15-Apr-2009
Evidence for the effectiveness of nutritional supplements containing protein and energy, often prescribed for older people, is limited. Malnutrition is more common in this age group and deterioration of nutritional status can occur during illness. It is i
- Protein restriction for diabetic renal disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Nov-2008
Diabetic renal disease (diabetic nephropathy) is a leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Once the process has started, it cannot be reversed by glycaemic control, but progression might be slowed by control of blood pressure and protein restriction.
- Protein substitute for children and adults with phenylketonuria
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 27-Feb-2015
Phenylketonuria is an inherited metabolic disorder characterised by an absence or deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. The aim of treatment is to lower blood phenylalanine concentrations to the recommended therapeutic range to prevent devel
- Psychological interventions for individuals with cystic fibrosis and their families
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Jun-2014
With increasing survival estimates for individuals with cystic fibrosis, long-term management has become an important focus. Psychological interventions are largely concerned with adherence to treatment, emotional and social adaptation and health-related
- Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 6-May-2014
Overweight and obesity are global health problems which are increasing throughout the industrialised world. If left unchecked, they will continue to contribute to the ever increasing non communicable disease burden.
- Pulsatile gonadotrophin releasing hormone for ovulation induction in subfertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 21-Jul-2003
In normal menstrual cycles, gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion is pulsatile, with intervals of 60-120 minutes in the follicular phase. Treatment with pulsatile GnRH infusion by the intravenous or subcutaneous route using a portable pump has
- Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation during pregnancy or labour for maternal and neonatal outcomes
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 22-Mar-2016
Vitamin B6 plays vital roles in numerous metabolic processes in the human body, such as nervous system development and functioning. It has been associated with some benefits in non-randomised studies, such as higher Apgar scores, higher birthweights, and
- Recombinant FSH versus urinary gonadotrophins or recombinant FSH for ovulation induction in subfertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Aug-2015
Gonadotrophins are known to be effective in inducing ovulation in women with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome. Ovulation induction with FSH bears the risk of multiple follicle development and multiple pregnancies. The dose regimen used can a
- Recombinant growth hormone for idiopathic short stature in children and adolescents
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Jul-2007
Idiopathic short stature (ISS) refers to children who are very short compared with their peers for unknown or hereditary reasons. Recombinant human growth hormone (GH) has been used to increase growth and final height in children with ISS.
- Recombinant growth hormone therapy for X‐linked hypophosphatemia in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 7-Oct-2021
Conventional treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia with oral phosphate and calcitriol can heal rickets, but it does not always raise serum phosphate concentrations significantly, nor does it always normalize linear growth. Some clinical trials suggest th
- Recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) aided radioiodine treatment for residual or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Oct-2010
For patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) following thyroidectomy, thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW) for four to six weeks has been used for decades to increase serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations in order to enhance iodine-1
- Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for treating dehydration caused by acute diarrhoea in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-Nov-2008
Oral rehydration solution (ORS) has reduced childhood deaths from diarrhoea in many countries. Recent studies suggest that the currently recommended formulation of ORS recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) may not be optimal, and solutions th
- Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 4-Dec-2014
Most premature infants are physiologically not sufficiently mature to orally ingest all of their required water and nutrients. Therefore, premature infants rely on their caregivers to regulate their volume of water intake. Thus, the caregiver must determi
- Restriction of oral intake of water for aspiration lung disease in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-Sep-2012
Primary aspiration of food and fluid is commonly seen in children with feeding and swallowing difficulties associated with a range of diseases and complex medical conditions. Respiratory sequelae and pneumonia are known to be associated with primary aspir
- Retinoids for preventing the progression of cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 6-Jun-2013
Invasive cervical carcinoma is preceded by a precancerous phase, cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN), which can be detected on cervical smears and confirmed by colposcopy and biopsy. Moderate and severe cases of intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN2 and
- Rimonabant for overweight or obesity
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 2-Nov-2008
Worldwide, the prevalence of obesity and overweight in industrialized countries and in a substantial number of developing countries is increasing at an alarming rate. Rimonabant is a selective cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist that has been investigated f
- Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 14-Apr-2010
Metformin is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent that has been shown to reduce total mortality compared to other anti-hyperglycemic agents, in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin, however, is thought to increase the risk of lactic acidosis,
- Rosiglitazone for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Jul-2007
Diabetes has long been recognised as a strong, independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, a problem which accounts for approximately 70% of all mortality in people with diabetes. Prospective studies show that compared to their non-diabetic counte
