Showing 261-280 of 419 for: Cochrane Systematic Reviews > Perinatal and infant 
- Oestrogen supplementation, mainly diethylstilbestrol, for preventing miscarriages and other adverse pregnancy outcomes
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 3-Nov-2008
Laboratory evidence in the 1940s demonstrated a positive role of placental hormones in the continuation of pregnancy. It was suggested that diethylstilbestrol was the oestrogen of choice for prevention of miscarriages. Observational studies were carried o
- Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 15-Nov-2018
Higher intakes of foods containing omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), such as fish, during pregnancy have been associated with longer gestations and improved perinatal outcomes. This is an update of a review that was first published
- One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 6-Dec-2016
Animal studies and trials in older children and adults suggest that a 'one dose per day' regimen of gentamicin is superior to a 'multiple doses per day' regimen.
- Operative versus conservative management for 'fetal distress' in labour
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-Jun-2012
Suspected fetal distress usually results in expedited delivery of a baby (often operatively). The potential harm to a mother and baby from operative delivery may not always be justified especially when fetal distress may be misdiagnosed. Even with a corre
- Opioids for neonates receiving mechanical ventilation
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 23-Jan-2008
Mechanical ventilation is a potentially painful and discomforting intervention widely used in neonatal intensive care units. Newborn babies (neonates) demonstrate increased sensitivity to pain, which may affect clinical and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Th
- Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 15-Aug-2012
Although the health benefits of breastfeeding are widely acknowledged, opinions and recommendations are strongly divided on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Since 2001, the World Health Organization has recommended exclusive breastfeeding
- Oral appliances and functional orthopaedic appliances for obstructive sleep apnoea in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 4-Oct-2016
Apnoea is a breathing disorder marked by the absence of airflow at the nose or mouth. In children, risk factors include adenotonsillar hypertrophy, obesity, neuromuscular disorders and craniofacial anomalies. The most common treatment for obstructive slee
- Oral immunoglobulin for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm and low birth weight neonates
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 4-Apr-2016
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most common emergency involving the gastrointestinal tract occurring in the neonatal period. There have been published reports that suggest that oral immunoglobulins (Ig)A and IgG produce an immunoprotective effect i
- Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 9-Nov-2011
Rotavirus is a common neonatal nosocomial viral infection and epidemics with the newer P(6)G9 strains have been reported. Local mucosal immunity in the intestine to rotavirus is important in the resolution of infection and protection against subsequent in
- Oral immunoglobulin for the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in low birth weight infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Oct-2011
Rotavirus infection is the most common neonatal nosocomial viral infection. It is a major health problem worldwide. Epidemics with the newer P(6)G9 strains have been reported in neonatal units globally. These strains can cause severe symptoms in most infe
- Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 7-Dec-2011
Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is used to treat the dehydration caused by diarrhoeal diseases, including cholera. ORS formulations with an osmolarity (a measure of solute concentration) of = 270 mOsm/L (ORS = 270) are safe and more effective than ORS for
- Paracetamol versus placebo or physical methods for treating fever in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 22-Apr-2002
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is widely used for treating fever in children. Like ibuprofen, aspirin, and physical methods (such as fanning), paracetamol aims to provide relief from symptoms and prevent febrile convulsions. Uncertainty exists about the bene
- Partial exchange transfusion to prevent neurodevelopmental disability in infants with polycythemia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 20-Jan-2010
Hyperviscosity of blood results in increased resistance to blood flow and decreased oxygen delivery. In the neonate, hyperviscosity can cause abnormalities of central nervous system function, hypoglycemia, decreased renal function, cardiorespiratory distr
- Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Jan-2018
Immunization rates for children and adults are rising, but coverage levels have not reached optimal goals. As a result, vaccine-preventable diseases still occur. In an era of increasing complexity of immunization schedules, rising expectations about the p
- Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 9-Mar-2015
Mortality and morbidity due to neonatal sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) remain high despite the use of potent antimicrobial agents. Agents that modulate inflammation may improve outcomes. Pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is one su
- Percutaneous central venous catheters versus peripheral cannulae for delivery of parenteral nutrition in neonates
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 6-Oct-2015
Neonatal parenteral nutrition may be delivered via peripheral cannulas or central venous catheters (umbilical or percutaneous). As the result of complications associated with umbilical catheters, many neonatal units prefer to use percutaneous catheters af
- Peripheral retinal ablation for threshold retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 26-Jul-1999
This section is under preparation and will be included in the next issue.
- Peritoneal drainage versus laparotomy as initial surgical treatment for perforated necrotizing enterocolitis or spontaneous intestinal perforation in preterm low birth weight infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-May-2011
Standard surgical management of infants with perforated necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) is laparotomy with the resection of the necrotic or perforated segments of the intestine. Peritoneal drainage is an alterna
- Permissive hypercapnia for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 23-Apr-2001
Experimental animal data and uncontrolled, observational studies in human infants have suggested that hyperventilation and hypocapnia may be associated with increased pulmonary and neurodevelopmental morbidity. Protective ventilatory strategies allowing h
- Pharyngeal instillation of surfactant before the first breath for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 14-Feb-2011
Intrapartum pharyngeal instillation of surfactant before the first breath may result in surfactant administration to the infant lung, with the potential benefit of avoiding endotracheal intubation and ventilation, ventilator induced lung injury and bronch
