Showing 281-300 of 419 for: Cochrane Systematic Reviews > Perinatal and infant 
- Permissive hypercapnia for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in mechanically ventilated newborn infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 1-Nov-2008
Experimental animal data and uncontrolled, observational studies in human infants have suggested that hyperventilation and hypocapnia may be associated with increased pulmonary and neurodevelopmental morbidity. Protective ventilatory strategies allowing h
- Pharyngeal instillation of surfactant before the first breath for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants at risk of respiratory distress syndrome
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 14-Feb-2011
Intrapartum pharyngeal instillation of surfactant before the first breath may result in surfactant administration to the infant lung, with the potential benefit of avoiding endotracheal intubation and ventilation, ventilator induced lung injury and bronch
- Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 9-Apr-2014
Lack of physical stimulation may contribute to metabolic bone disease of preterm infants, resulting in poor bone mineralization and growth. Physical activity programs combined with adequate nutrition might help to promote bone mineralization and growth.
- Physical methods versus drug placebo or no treatment for managing fever in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 17-Feb-2009
Health workers recommend bathing, sponging, and other physical methods to treat fever in children and to avoid febrile convulsions. We know little about the most effective methods or how these methods compare with commonly used drugs.
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing otitis media
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Mar-2014
Acute otitis media (AOM) is a very common respiratory infection in early infancy and childhood. The marginal benefits of antibiotics for AOM in low-risk populations in general, the increasing problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the huge est
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease and X-ray defined pneumonia in children less than two years of age
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 3-Aug-2009
Pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in low-income countries. The effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), pneumonia, and mort
- Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 22-Jan-2015
Approximately 450,000 children worldwide die of pneumococcal infections each year. The development of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials adds to the difficulty of treatment of diseases and emphasizes the need for a preventive approach. Newborn vaccina
- Pneumococcal vaccine for asthma
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Jun-2014
Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of pneumonia and other serious illnesses, particularly amongst those with certain high-risk medical conditions such as asthma. Although pneumococcal vaccine is routinely advocated for people wi
- Pneumococcal vaccines for children and adults with bronchiectasis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Jun-2014
Bronchiectasis is increasingly recognized as a major cause of respiratory morbidity especially in developing countries. Even in affluent countries, bronchiectasis is increasingly seen in some community subsections (e.g. Aboriginal communities) and occurs
- Pneumococcal vaccines for sickle cell disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-Jan-2012
People with sickle cell disease are particularly susceptible to pneumococcal infection, which may be fatal. Infants (children aged up to 23 months) are at particularly high risk, but conventional polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines may be ineffective in
- Polysaccharide vaccines for preventing serogroup A meningococcal meningitis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 16-May-2012
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in the 1970s and early 1980s showed the polysaccharide serogroup A vaccine (SgAV) prevented serogroup A meningococcal meningitis (SGAMM). Subsequent non-RCTs suggested significant variations in the age-specific duration
- Positioning for acute respiratory distress in hospitalised infants and children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 25-May-2012
Because of the association of prone positioning with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) it is recommended that young infants be placed on their backs (supine). However, the prone position may be a non-invasive way of increasing oxygenation in participant
- Positive end expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 30-Nov-2011
Conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) of neonates has been used as a treatment of respiratory failure for over 30 years. While CMV facilitates gas exchange, it may simultaneously damage the lung. Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) has received le
- Positive end-expiratory pressure for resuscitation of newborn infants at birth
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 17-Jan-2012
Effective ventilation is the key to successful neonatal resuscitation. Positive pressure ventilation is initiated with manual ventilation devices which may or not deliver positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). PEEP is known to have beneficial effects in
- Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-Aug-2013
Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) is a major complication of preterm birth. Large haemorrhages are associated with a high risk of disability and hydrocephalus. Instability of blood pressure and cerebral blood flow are postulated as causative factors. Ano
- Postnatal thyroid hormones for preterm infants with transient hypothyroxinaemia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 23-Sep-2008
Extremely premature infants are at risk of transient hypothyroxinaemia in the first weeks after birth. These low thyroid hormone levels are associated with an increased incidence of neonatal morbidity, mortality and longer term developmental impairments.
- Postnatal thyroid hormones for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 23-Sep-2008
Preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome are at increased risk of adverse neonatal and developmental outcomes. In animal research, thyroid hormones stimulate surfactant production and reduce the incidence and severity of respiratory distress whe
- Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 20-Feb-2013
Prebiotics (commonly oligosaccharides) added to infant feeds have the potential to prevent sensitisation of infants to dietary allergens.
- Pre-discharge "car seat challenge" for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 30-Oct-2008
Physiological monitoring studies indicate that some preterm infants experience episodes of oxygen desaturation, apnoea, or bradycardia when seated in standard car safety seats. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all preterm infants should
- Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 27-Jul-2015
Preterm birth is a major complication of pregnancy associated with perinatal mortality and morbidity. Progesterone for the prevention of preterm labour has been advocated.
