Showing 281-300 of 419 for: Cochrane Systematic Reviews > Perinatal and infant 
- Physical activity programs for promoting bone mineralization and growth in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 22-Apr-2014
Lack of physical stimulation may contribute to metabolic bone disease of preterm infants, resulting in poor bone mineralization and growth. Physical activity programs combined with adequate nutrition might help to promote bone mineralization and growth.
- Physical methods versus drug placebo or no treatment for managing fever in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Feb-2009
Health workers recommend bathing, sponging, and other physical methods to treat fever in children and to avoid febrile convulsions. We know little about the most effective methods or how these methods compare with commonly used drugs.
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing acute otitis media in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Nov-2020
Prior to introducing pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), Streptococcus pneumoniae was most commonly isolated from the middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media (AOM). Reducing nasopharyngeal colonisation of this bacterium by PCVs may lead t
- Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing vaccine‐type invasive pneumococcal disease and X‐ray defined pneumonia in children less than two years of age
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 6-Oct-2009
Pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children in low-income countries. The effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), pneumonia, and mort
- Pneumococcal vaccination during pregnancy for preventing infant infection
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 23-Jan-2015
Approximately 450,000 children worldwide die of pneumococcal infections each year. The development of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials adds to the difficulty of treatment of diseases and emphasizes the need for a preventive approach. Newborn vaccina
- Pneumococcal vaccine for asthma
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 21-Jan-2002
Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of pneumonia and other serious illnesses, particularly amongst those with certain high-risk medical conditions such as asthma. Although pneumococcal vaccine is routinely advocated for people wi
- Pneumococcal vaccines for children and adults with bronchiectasis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 15-Apr-2009
Bronchiectasis is increasingly recognized as a major cause of respiratory morbidity especially in developing countries. Even in affluent countries, bronchiectasis is increasingly seen in some community subsections (e.g. Aboriginal communities) and occurs
- Pneumococcal vaccines for preventing pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Jan-2017
People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease, especially pneumonia, as well as acute exacerbations with associated morbidity and healthcare costs.
- Pneumococcal vaccines for sickle cell disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 26-Jan-2004
People with sickle cell disease are particularly susceptible to pneumococcal infection, which may be fatal. Infants (children aged up to 23 months) are at particularly high risk, but conventional polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccines may be ineffective in
- Polysaccharide vaccines for preventing serogroup A meningococcal meningitis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Jan-2005
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in the 1970s and early 1980s showed the polysaccharide serogroup A vaccine (SgAV) prevented serogroup A meningococcal meningitis (SGAMM). Subsequent non-RCTs suggested significant variations in the age-specific duration
- Positioning for acute respiratory distress in hospitalised infants and children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 11-Jul-2012
Because of the association of prone positioning with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) it is recommended that young infants be placed on their backs (supine). However, the prone position may be a non-invasive way of increasing oxygenation in participant
- Positive end‐expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome or bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 26-Feb-2019
Conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) is a common therapy for neonatal respiratory failure. While CMV facilitates gas exchange, it may simultaneously injure the lungs. Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) has received less attention than other vent
- Positive end-expiratory pressure for resuscitation of newborn infants at birth
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 17-Jan-2012
Effective ventilation is the key to successful neonatal resuscitation. Positive pressure ventilation is initiated with manual ventilation devices which may or not deliver positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). PEEP is known to have beneficial effects in
- Postnatal phenobarbital for the prevention of intraventricular haemorrhage in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-Aug-2013
Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) is a major complication of preterm birth. Large haemorrhages are associated with a high risk of disability and hydrocephalus. Instability of blood pressure and cerebral blood flow are postulated as causative factors. Ano
- Postnatal thyroid hormones for preterm infants with transient hypothyroxinaemia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 23-Sep-2008
Extremely premature infants are at risk of transient hypothyroxinaemia in the first weeks after birth. These low thyroid hormone levels are associated with an increased incidence of neonatal morbidity, mortality and longer term developmental impairments.
- Postnatal thyroid hormones for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Jan-2007
Preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome are at increased risk of adverse neonatal and developmental outcomes. In animal research, thyroid hormones stimulate surfactant production and reduce the incidence and severity of respiratory distress whe
- Prebiotics in infants for prevention of allergy
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 20-Feb-2013
Prebiotics (commonly oligosaccharides) added to infant feeds have the potential to prevent sensitisation of infants to dietary allergens.
- Pre-discharge "car seat challenge" for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 30-Oct-2008
Physiological monitoring studies indicate that some preterm infants experience episodes of oxygen desaturation, apnoea, or bradycardia when seated in standard car safety seats. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all preterm infants should
- Prenatal administration of progesterone for preventing preterm birth in women considered to be at risk of preterm birth
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 27-Jul-2015
Preterm birth is a major complication of pregnancy associated with perinatal mortality and morbidity. Progesterone for the prevention of preterm labour has been advocated.
- Preoperative fasting for preventing perioperative complications in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 7-Oct-2009
Children, like adults, are required to fast before general anaesthesia with the aim of reducing the volume and acidity of their stomach contents. It is thought that fasting reduces the risk of regurgitation and aspiration of gastric contents during surger
