Showing 321-340 of 508 for: Cochrane Systematic Reviews > Infectious disease 
- Muscle relaxants for non-specific low-back pain
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 27-Mar-2017
The use of muscle relaxants in the management of non-specific low back pain is controversial. It is not clear if they are effective, and concerns have been raised about the potential adverse effects involved.
- Mycobacterium vaccae immunotherapy for treating tuberculosis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 20-Jan-2003
Some authorities have advocated Mycobacterium vaccae immunotherapy for treating tuberculosis and other infections caused by mycobacteria.
- N‐acetylcysteine for sepsis and systemic inflammatory response in adults
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-Sep-2012
Death is common in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis-induced multisystem organ failure and it has been thought that antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine could be beneficial.
- Nasal decongestants for the common cold
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 1-Feb-2009
The common cold is a major and recurrent cause of morbidity, on average affecting children and adults two or more times each year. Nasal congestion is its commonest symptom and many therapies are marketed for its relief. There is no meta-analysis of contr
- Nasal saline irrigations for the symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 25-Apr-2016
The use of nasal irrigation for the treatment of nose and sinus complaints has its foundations in yogic and homeopathic traditions. There has been increasing use of saline irrigation, douches, sprays and rinsing as an adjunct to the medical management of
- Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 2-Oct-2013
Croup is a common childhood illness characterized by barky cough, stridor, hoarseness and respiratory distress. Children with severe croup are at risk for intubation. Nebulized epinephrine may prevent intubation.
- Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in adults and children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-Apr-2014
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NIs) are stockpiled and recommended by public health agencies for treating and preventing seasonal and pandemic influenza. They are used clinically worldwide.
- Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in children (published trials only)
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Apr-2012
During epidemics, influenza attack rates in children may exceed 40%. Options for prevention and treatment currently include the neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir. Laninamivir octanoate, the prodrug of laninamivir, is currently being devel
- Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 21-Jan-2009
Does newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) improve clinical outcomes, quality of life and survival?
- Nocturnal mechanical ventilation for chronic hypoventilation in patients with neuromuscular and chest wall disorders
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-Dec-2014
Chronic alveolar hypoventilation is a common complication of many neuromuscular and chest wall disorders. Long-term nocturnal mechanical ventilation is commonly used to treat it. This is a 2014 update of a review first published in 2000 and previously upd
- Nonoxynol‐9 for preventing vaginal acquisition of HIV infection by women from men
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 22-Jul-2002
There is a need for female-controlled methods of HIV prevention. Vaginal microbicides, substances inserted into the vagina to prevent women acquiring HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) from men, could be useful in this regard. One potential va
- Nonoxynol-9 for preventing vaginal acquisition of sexually transmitted infections by women from men
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 2-Dec-2011
The incidence and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and other reproductive tract infections (RTI) is high in much of the developing and parts of the developed worlds. STIs and RTIs are associated with the vaginal transmission of HIV. Add
- Nutritional interventions for reducing morbidity and mortality in people with HIV
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 28-Feb-2013
Adequate nutrition is important for optimal immune and metabolic function. Dietary support may, therefore, improve clinical outcomes in HIV-infected individuals by reducing the incidence of HIV-associated complications and attenuating progression of HIV d
- Nystatin prophylaxis and treatment in severely immunodepressed patients
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 4-Sep-2014
Nystatin is sometimes used prophylactically in patients with severe immunodeficiency or in the treatment of fungal infection in such patients, although its effect seems to be equivocal.
- Oestrogens for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in postmenopausal women
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-May-2008
Recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI) is defined as three episodes of urinary tract infection (UTI) in the previous 12 months or two episodes in the last six months. The main factors associated with RUTI in postmenopausal women are vesical prolapse, cy
- Once‐daily versus multiple‐daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 4-Sep-2019
People with cystic fibrosis, who are chronically colonised with the organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, often require multiple courses of intravenous aminoglycoside antibiotics for the management of pulmonary exacerbations. The properties of aminoglycosides
- One dose per day compared to multiple doses per day of gentamicin for treatment of suspected or proven sepsis in neonates
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 6-Dec-2016
Animal studies and trials in older children and adults suggest that a 'one dose per day' regimen of gentamicin is superior to a 'multiple doses per day' regimen.
- Optimal monitoring strategies for guiding when to switch first-line antiretroviral therapy regimens for treatment failure in adults and adolescents living with HIV in low-resource settings
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Jan-2011
One of the critical clinical decisions made in antiretroviral therapy (ART) is when to switch from an initial regimen to another due to treatment failure. This complex process requires consideration of multiple factors including: (1) what type of monitori
- Optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic, HIV‐infected, treatment‐naive adults
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 17-Mar-2010
According to consensus, initiation of therapy is best based on CD4 cell count, a marker of immune status, rather than on viral load, a marker of virologic replication. For patients with advanced symptoms, treatment should be started regardless of CD4 coun
- Optimal timing for intravascular administration set replacement
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-Dec-2018
The tubing (administration set) attached to both venous and arterial catheters may contribute to bacteraemia and other infections. The rate of infection may be increased or decreased by routine replacement of administration sets. This review was originall
