Showing 341-360 of 511 for: Cochrane Systematic Reviews > Infectious disease 
- Optimal time for initiation of antiretroviral therapy in asymptomatic, HIV‐infected, treatment‐naive adults
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 17-Mar-2010
According to consensus, initiation of therapy is best based on CD4 cell count, a marker of immune status, rather than on viral load, a marker of virologic replication. For patients with advanced symptoms, treatment should be started regardless of CD4 coun
- Optimal timing for intravascular administration set replacement
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 15-Sep-2013
The tubing (administration set) attached to both venous and arterial catheters may contribute to bacteraemia and other infections. The rate of infection may be increased or decreased by routine replacement of administration sets. This review was originall
- Optimisation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children under 3 years of age
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 1-Mar-2014
In the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), over 50% of HIV-infected infants progress to AIDS and death by 2 years of age. However, there are challenges to initiation of ART in early life, including the possibility of drug resistance in the context of
- Oral antibiotics versus parenteral antibiotics for severe pneumonia in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 19-Apr-2006
Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age in developing countries. When hospitalisation is required, the usual practice includes administering parenteral antibiotics if a
- Oral anti‐pseudomonal antibiotics for cystic fibrosis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 14-Jul-2016
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common bacterial pathogen causing lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy is vital. Antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations are usually given intravenously, and for long-term tr
- Oral immunoglobulin for the prevention of rotavirus infection in low birth weight infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 9-Nov-2011
Rotavirus is a common neonatal nosocomial viral infection and epidemics with the newer P(6)G9 strains have been reported. Local mucosal immunity in the intestine to rotavirus is important in the resolution of infection and protection against subsequent in
- Oral immunoglobulin for the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in low birth weight infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Oct-2011
Rotavirus infection is the most common neonatal nosocomial viral infection. It is a major health problem worldwide. Epidemics with the newer P(6)G9 strains have been reported in neonatal units globally. These strains can cause severe symptoms in most infe
- Oral iron supplements for children in malaria‐endemic areas
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 27-Feb-2016
Iron-deficiency anaemia is common during childhood. Iron administration has been claimed to increase the risk of malaria.
- Oral potassium iodide for the treatment of sporotrichosis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 7-Oct-2009
Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic disease, usually affecting the skin caused by a dimorphic (existing in two forms), aerobic (oxygen requiring) fungus called Sporothrix schenckii. Oral potassium iodide is widely used for cutaneous sporotrichosis in
- Oral rehydration salt solution for treating cholera: ≤ 270 mOsm/L solutions vs ≥ 310 mOsm/L solutions
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 7-Dec-2011
Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is used to treat the dehydration caused by diarrhoeal diseases, including cholera. ORS formulations with an osmolarity (a measure of solute concentration) of = 270 mOsm/L (ORS = 270) are safe and more effective than ORS for
- Oral substitution treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-Aug-2011
Injecting drug users are vulnerable to infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and other blood borne viruses as a result of collective use of injecting equipment as well as sexual behaviour
- Oral treatments for fungal infections of the skin of the foot
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 17-Oct-2012
About 15% of the world population have fungal infections of the feet (tinea pedis or athlete's foot). There are many clinical presentations of tinea pedis, and most commonly, tinea pedis is seen between the toes (interdigital) and on the soles, heels, and
- Oral vaccines for preventing cholera
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 3-Aug-2011
Cholera is a cause of acute watery diarrhoea which can cause dehydration and death if not adequately treated. It usually occurs in epidemics, and is associated with poverty and poor sanitation. Effective, cheap, and easy to administer vaccines could help
- Oral versus intra‐vaginal imidazole and triazole anti‐fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush)
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Aug-2020
Anti-fungals are available for oral and intra-vaginal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis.
- Oral versus intravenous antibiotic treatment for febrile neutropenia in cancer patients
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 21-Sep-2016
Fever occurring in a neutropenic patient remains a common life-threatening complication of cancer chemotherapy. The common practice is to admit the patient to hospital and treat him or her empirically with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics. Oral ther
- Oral versus intravenous rehydration for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 19-Jul-2006
Dehydration associated with gastroenteritis is a serious complication. Oral rehydration is an effective and inexpensive treatment, but some physicians prefer intravenous methods.
- Over‐the‐counter (OTC) medications to reduce cough as an adjunct to antibiotics for acute pneumonia in children and adults
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-Mar-2014
Cough is often distressing for patients with pneumonia. Accordingly they often use over-the-counter (OTC) cough medications (mucolytics or cough suppressants). These might provide relief in reducing cough severity, but suppression of the cough mechanism m
- Patient isolation measures for infants with candida colonization or infection for preventing or reducing transmission of candida in neonatal units
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 9-Nov-2011
Candida is a common nosocomial infection and is associated with increased healthcare costs. In neonates, candida infection is associated with high mortality and morbidity and is transmitted by direct and indirect contact. Patient isolation measures, i.e.
- Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Jan-2018
Immunization rates for children and adults are rising, but coverage levels have not reached optimal goals. As a result, vaccine-preventable diseases still occur. In an era of increasing complexity of immunization schedules, rising expectations about the p
- Patient support and education for promoting adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 19-Jul-2006
Adherence to prescribed regimens is required to derive maximal benefit from many highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens in people living with HIV/AIDS.
