Showing 501-520 of 589 for: Cochrane Systematic Reviews > Pregnancy and childbirth 
- Single versus two layer suturing for closing the uterine incision at Caesarean section
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 3-May-2008
A single layer closure might save operating time, disrupt less tissue, introduce less foreign material into the wound, and thus result in less post operative morbidity.
- Skin patch and vaginal ring versus combined oral contraceptives for contraception
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-Mar-2013
The delivery of combination contraceptive steroids from a transdermal contraceptive patch or a contraceptive vaginal ring offers potential advantages over the traditional oral route. The transdermal patch and vaginal ring could require a lower dose due to
- Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 6-Nov-2015
Regular antenatal care for women with a multiple pregnancy is accepted practice, and while most women have an increase in the number of antenatal visits, there is no consensus as to what constitutes optimal care. 'Specialised' antenatal clinics have been
- Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a pregnancy at high risk of preterm birth (excluding multiple pregnancy) to improve maternal and infant outcomes
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Jul-2011
Amongst the risk factors for preterm birth, previous preterm delivery is a strong predictor. Specialised clinics for women with a history of spontaneous preterm delivery have been advocated as a way of improving outcomes for women and their infants.
- Spermicide used alone for contraception
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 6-Nov-2013
Spermicides have been used as contraceptives for thousands of years. Despite this long use, only recently have studies examined the comparative efficacy and acceptability of these vaginal medications. Spermicides contain an active ingredient (most commonl
- Spinal versus epidural anaesthesia for caesarean section
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 7-Mar-2012
Regional anaesthesia (spinal or epidural anaesthesia) for caesarean section is the preferred option when balancing risks and benefits to the mother and her fetus. Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section is thought to be advantageous due to simplicity of
- Sponge versus diaphragm for contraception
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 22-Apr-2013
The contraceptive vaginal sponge was developed as an alternative to the contraceptive diaphragm. The sponge, made of polyurethane impregnated with nonoxynol-9 (1g), releases 125 mg of the spermicide over 24 hours of use. Unlike the diaphragm, the sponge c
- Steroid hormones for contraception in men
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-Feb-2012
Male hormonal contraception has been an elusive goal. Administration of sex steroids to men can shut off sperm production through effects on the pituitary and hypothalamus. However, this approach also decreases production of testosterone, so 'add-back' th
- Steroid hormones for contraception in women with sickle cell disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 14-Nov-2011
Whether steroid contraceptives are appropriate for women with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease remains unresolved. Historically, women with sickle cell disease have experienced difficult pregnancies, characterized by high rates of maternal mortality an
- Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 16-Jun-2014
Steroidal contraceptive use has been associated with changes in bone mineral density in women. Whether such changes increase the risk of fractures later in life is not clear. Osteoporosis is a major public health concern. Age-related decline in bone mass
- Steroidal contraceptives: effect on carbohydrate metabolism in women without diabetes mellitus
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 29-Apr-2014
Many hormonal contraceptives have been associated with changes in carbohydrate metabolism. Alterations may include decreased glucose tolerance and increased insulin resistance, which are risk factors for Type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease
- Strategies for communicating contraceptive effectiveness
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-Mar-2013
Knowledge of contraceptive effectiveness is crucial to making an informed choice. The consumer has to comprehend the pros and cons of the contraceptive methods being considered. Choice may be influenced by understanding the likelihood of pregnancy with ea
- Strategies for improving the acceptability and acceptance of the copper intrauterine device
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-Feb-2012
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are highly effective and are the most widely used reversible contraceptive method in the world. However, in developed countries IUDs are among the least common methods of contraception used. We evaluated the effect of intervent
- Strategies to improve adherence and acceptability of hormonal methods of contraception
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 16-Oct-2013
Worldwide, hormonal contraceptives are among the most popular reversible contraceptives. Despite their high theoretical effectiveness, typical use results in much lower effectiveness. In large part, this disparity reflects difficulties in adherence to the
- Subdermal implantable contraceptives versus other forms of reversible contraceptives or other implants as effective methods for preventing pregnancy
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 7-Mar-2012
Implantable methods of contraception offer long-acting reversible contraception. Their uptake rate in comparison to other contraceptive methods, particularly in developed countries, has historically been low.
- Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 3-May-2010
Studies consistently show a relationship between social disadvantage and low birthweight. Many countries have programs offering special assistance to women thought to be at risk for giving birth to a low birthweight infant. These programs may include advi
- Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 25-Oct-2022
There is extensive evidence of important health risks for infants and mothers related to not breastfeeding. In 2003, the World Health Organization recommended that infants be breastfed exclusively until six months of age, with breastfeeding continuing as
- Surgical methods for first trimester termination of pregnancy
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 5-May-2009
Different surgical methods for termination of pregnancy have evolved over the years: Dilatation and curettage, power operated vacuum aspiration (VA), manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) or hysterotomy. Local or general anaesthesia is used for all methods. Prea
- Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 28-Jul-2010
Incomplete miscarriage is a major problem that should be effectively managed with safe and appropriate procedures. Surgical evacuation of the uterus for management of incomplete miscarriage usually involves vacuum aspiration or sharp curettage.
- Surgical repair of spontaneous perineal tears that occur during childbirth versus no intervention
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 26-Nov-2013
Perineal tears commonly occur during childbirth. They are sutured most of the time. Surgical repair can be associated with adverse outcomes, such as pain, discomfort and interference with normal activities during puerperium and possibly breastfeeding. Sur
