Showing 61-80 of 99 for: Cochrane Systematic Reviews > Congenital problems 
- Preconception and antenatal screening for the fragile site on the X‐chromosome
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 20-Jan-2003
Fragile X is the most common cause of mental retardation after Down syndrome. It is the commonest inherited cause of mental retardation, and results from a dynamic mutation in a gene on the long arm of the X chromosome. Various strategies are used for pre
- Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (abnormal number of chromosomes) in in vitro fertilisation
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 8-Sep-2020
In in vitro fertilisation (IVF) with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), selection of the most competent embryo(s) for transfer is based on morphological criteria. However, many women do not achieve a pregnancy even after 'good quality' em
- Pre‐operative autologous donation for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 23-Oct-2001
Public concerns regarding the safety of transfused blood have prompted reconsideration of the indications for the transfusion of allogeneic red cells (blood from an unrelated donor), and a range of techniques designed to minimise transfusion requirements.
- Pre-operative endometrial thinning agents before endometrial destruction for heavy menstrual bleeding
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 29-Jul-2014
Menorrhagia is one of the most common reasons for pre-menopausal women to be referred to a gynaecologist. Although medical therapy is generally the first approach, many women will eventually require or request a hysterectomy. Hysterectomy is associated wi
- Preoperative medical therapy before surgery for uterine fibroids
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 15-Nov-2017
Uterine fibroids occur in up to 40% of women aged over 35 years. Some are asymptomatic, but up to 50% cause symptoms that warrant therapy. Symptoms include anaemia caused by heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhoea, infertility and low quality
- Pre-operative traction for hip fractures in adults
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 11-Oct-2011
Following a hip fracture, traction may be applied to the injured limb before surgery. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 1997, and previously updated in 2006.
- Prolonged versus short course of indomethacin for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 18-Apr-2007
Indomethacin is a prostaglandin inhibitor used to treat patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants. Although indomethacin produces ductal closure in the majority of cases, it is ineffective in up to 40% of patients. Furthermore, the ductus will re-
- Prophylactic animal derived surfactant extract for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 20-Oct-1997
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant. A variety of animal derived surfactant extracts have been formulated and given to infants at risk of developing RDS.
- Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing gram‐positive infections associated with long‐term central venous catheters in adults and children receiving treatment for cancer
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 7-Oct-2021
This is an updated version of a Cochrane Review last published in 2013. Long-term central venous catheters (CVCs), including tunnelled CVCs (TCVCs) and totally implanted devices or ports (TIDs), are increasingly used when treating people with cancer. Desp
- Prophylactic intravenous indomethacin for preventing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 7-Jul-2010
Persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is associated with mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors such as indomethacin promote PDA closure but also have potential side effects. The effect of the prophylactic use
- Prophylactic protein free synthetic surfactant for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 20-Jan-2010
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of pulmonary surfactant. A variety of surfactant products including protein free synthetic surfactant have been developed and tested in the prevention and treatment of RDS.
- Prophylactic steroids for pediatric open heart surgery
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-May-2017
The immune response to cardiopulmonary bypass in infants and children can lead to a series of postoperative morbidities and mortality i.e. hemodynamic instability, increased infection and arrhythmias. The systemic Inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) tha
- Prophylactic surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus for prevention of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-May-2010
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Prophylactic indomethacin results in the reduction in significant PDA, need for surgical ligation, severe intraventricular hemorrhage and serious pulmo
- Protein substitute for children and adults with phenylketonuria
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 27-Feb-2015
Phenylketonuria is an inherited metabolic disorder characterised by an absence or deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. The aim of treatment is to lower blood phenylalanine concentrations to the recommended therapeutic range to prevent devel
- Psychological interventions for depression in adolescent and adult congenital heart disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 23-Oct-2013
Adult and adolescent congenital heart disease is increasing in prevalence as better medical care means more children are surviving to adulthood. People with chronic disease often also experience depression. There are several non-pharmacological treatments
- Recombinant factor VIIa concentrate versus plasma‐derived concentrates for treating acute bleeding episodes in people with haemophilia and inhibitors
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 16-Dec-2015
In people with haemophilia, therapeutic clotting agents might be recognised as a foreign protein and induce anti-factor VIII antibodies, known as 'inhibitors'. Drugs insensitive to such antibodies, either recombinant or plasma-derived, are called factor V
- Recombinant factor VIIa for the prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients without haemophilia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 14-Mar-2012
Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is licensed for use in patients with haemophilia and inhibitory allo-antibodies and for prophylaxis and treatment of patients with congenital factor VII deficiency. It is also used for off-license indications to prevent bl
- Recombinant growth hormone for children and adolescents with Turner syndrome
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-Jan-2007
Turner syndrome (TS) affects about one in 1500 to 2500 live-born females. One of the most prevalent and salient features of the syndrome is extremely short stature. Untreated women are approximately 20 to 21 cm shorter than normal women within their respe
- Removal of nail polish and finger rings to prevent surgical infection
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 4-Aug-2014
Surgical wound infections may be caused by the transfer of bacteria from the hands of surgical teams to patients during operations. Surgical scrubbing prior to surgery reduces the number of bacteria on the skin, but wearing rings and nail polish on the fi
- Restricted versus liberal water intake for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 4-Dec-2014
Most premature infants are physiologically not sufficiently mature to orally ingest all of their required water and nutrients. Therefore, premature infants rely on their caregivers to regulate their volume of water intake. Thus, the caregiver must determi
