Showing 121-140 of 1273 for: Cochrane Systematic Reviews > Special categories 
- Benzodiazepines and related drugs for insomnia in palliative care
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 22-Nov-2013
Insomnia, a subjective complaint of poor sleep and associated impairment in daytime function, is a common problem. Currently, benzodiazepines are the most used pharmacological treatment for this complaint. They are considered helpful for occasional short-
- Bile acids for liver-transplanted patients
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 16-Feb-2010
Liver transplantation has become a widely accepted form of treatment for numerous end-stage liver diseases. Bile acids may decrease allograft rejection after liver transplantation by changing the expression of major histocompatibility complex class molecu
- Bile acids for primary sclerosing cholangitis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 6-Dec-2010
Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a progressive chronic cholestatic liver disease that usually leads to the development of cirrhosis. Studies evaluating bile acids in the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis have shown a potential benefit of their
- Biocompatible hemodialysis membranes for acute renal failure
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 12-May-2009
Acute renal failure (ARF) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Some studies have reported a survival advantage among patients dialyzed with biocompatible membranes (BCM) compared to bioincompatible membranes (BICM). These findings were
- Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-Jun-2012
Faecal incontinence is a particularly embarrassing and distressing condition with significant medical, social and economic implications. Anal sphincter exercises (pelvic floor muscle training) and biofeedback therapy have been used to treat the symptoms o
- Biopsychosocial rehabilitation for upper limb repetitive strain injuries in working age adults
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 4-Nov-2008
Upper limb repetitive strain injury is a common problem in western countries, causing human suffering and huge economical losses. Patients with prolonged pain associated with repetitive tasks in the work place can face both psychological and physical diff
- Biphasic versus monophasic oral contraceptives for contraception
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 8-May-2011
Side effects caused by oral contraceptives discourage compliance with, and continuation of, oral contraceptives (OCs). Three approaches have been used to decrease these adverse effects: reduction of steroid dose, development of new steroids, and new formu
- Biphasic versus triphasic oral contraceptives for contraception
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 8-May-2011
Side effects caused by oral contraceptives discourage compliance with, and continuation of, oral contraceptives. A suggested disadvantage of biphasic compared to triphasic oral contraceptive (OC) pills is an increase in breakthrough bleeding. We conducted
- Bispectral index for improving anaesthetic delivery and postoperative recovery
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 10-Jun-2014
The use of clinical signs may not be reliable in measuring the hypnotic component of anaesthesia. The use of bispectral index (BIS) to guide the dose of anaesthetic may have certain advantages over clinical signs. This is the second update of a review ori
- Bisphosphonate therapy for children and adolescents with secondary osteoporosis
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 24-May-2010
Children with chronic illnesses are at increased risk for reductions in bone strength and subsequent fractures (osteoporosis), either due to the impact of the underlying condition on skeletal development or due to the osteotoxic effect of medications (e.g
- Bladder training for urinary incontinence in adults
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 4-Nov-2008
Urinary incontinence is a common and distressing problem. Bladder training aims to increase the interval between voids and is widely used for the treatment of urinary incontinence.
- Blood transfusion for preventing primary and secondary stroke in people with sickle cell disease
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 27-Jul-2020
Sickle cell disease is one of the commonest severe monogenic disorders in the world, due to the inheritance of two abnormal haemoglobin (beta globin) genes. Sickle cell disease can cause severe pain, significant end-organ damage, pulmonary complications,
- Blood transfusion for treating malarial anaemia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 2-Aug-2010
Blood transfusion is used in patients with severe malarial anaemia, but risks adverse reactions, transmission of disease, and is complicated to organize in developing countries.
- Braces and orthoses for treating osteoarthritis of the knee
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 13-Mar-2015
Individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee can be treated with a knee brace or a foot/ankle orthosis. The main purpose of these aids is to reduce pain, improve physical function and, possibly, slow disease progression. This is the second update of t
- Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 14-Nov-2012
Physiological changes brought about by pain may contribute to the development of morbidity in neonates. Clinical studies have shown reduction in changes in physiological parameters and pain score measurements following pre-emptive analgesic administration
- Breathing exercises for adults with asthma
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 1-Oct-2013
Breathing exercises have been widely used worldwide as a complementary therapy to the pharmacological treatment of people with asthma.
- Bright light therapy for sleep problems in adults aged 60+
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 11-Nov-2008
The prevalence of sleep problems in adulthood increases with age. While not all sleep changes are pathological in later life, severe disturbances may lead to depression, cognitive impairments, deterioration of quality of life, significant stresses for car
- Bypass surgery for chronic lower limb ischaemia
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 8-May-2008
Surgical bypass of an occluded arterial segment is one of the mainstay treatments for patients with critical limb ischaemia (CLI). However, it was introduced without formal evaluation.
- Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 11-Dec-2014
This is an updated version of the original Cochrane review published in Issue 3, 2012. Caffeine has been added to common analgesics such as paracetamol, ibuprofen, and aspirin, in the belief that it enhances analgesic efficacy. Evidence to support this be
- Caffeine for asthma
Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 11-Jul-2012
Caffeine has a variety of pharmacological effects; it is a weak bronchodilator and it also reduces respiratory muscle fatigue. It is chemically related to the drug theophylline which is used to treat asthma. It has been suggested that caffeine may reduce
